Horses have always been admired for their elegance, speed, and connection to humans. However, a recent study by Nottingham Trent University has revealed that their intelligence is much more advanced than previously thought. It was found that horses learn from their mistakes, plan strategies, and can anticipate the future for better results. This finding challenges traditional beliefs about equine cognition. This opens new possibilities for the training and welfare of these animals.Table of Contents. ToggleA study that changes the perception of equine intelligenceHorses can learn from their mistakesHorses can plan and anticipate the future – Horses learnHow does this finding influence horse training?Horses and their amazing brain capacityImplications of “non-prefrontal thinking” in other areas of knowledgeHorses learn more and better than we thought A study that changes the perception of equine intelligence Researchers at Nottingham Trent University developed an experiment to analyze how horses learn. They designed a game in which the equines had to touch a card with their nose to receive a prize. Initially, horses touched the card without distinction, simply because they earned rewards frequently. However, the test became more complex when a light was introduced:If the light was on, touching the card did not award a prize. If the light was off, they did receive a reward.At first, the horses made mistakes constantly. But when a 10-second no-play penalty was introduced, if they were wrong, their behavior changed dramatically. Immediately, they began to touch the card at the right time, showing that they understood the rules of the game. The Intelligence of a Horse – Horses Learn Horses can learn from their mistakes The study revealed that the horses not only understood the game, but had been playing with minimal mental effort. They touched the card without discriminating because there were no consequences for making a mistake. However, when a penalty was imposed on them, they corrected their behavior immediately. This discovery suggests that horses learn from their mistakes and adjust their strategy according to the consequences. What was once believed to be repetition-based learning is now understood as a more advanced form of cognitive processing. Lucy Rees describe la inteligencia del caballoWatch this video on YouTube Horses can plan and anticipate the future – Horses learn One of the most surprising aspects of the study is that horses demonstrated an ability to think ahead. Their change in strategy when facing a penalty shows that they could anticipate the consequences of their actions and act accordingly. This implies that penalties (not punishments) can be more effective incentives in training horses. Positive reinforcement requires to be accompanied by clear penalties for the horses that allow them to understand the desired direction. The researchers explain that this type of learning, called “model-based learning,” was considered too complex for horses. However, the results of the study show that these animals can analyze their environment, make strategic decisions, and adapt to new rules quickly.   How does this finding influence horse training? The discovery that horses learn more advanced has important implications for their training and welfare. Some keys that can be extracted from this study are:Avoid unnecessary punishments: As horses understand the consequences, it is more effective to use positive reinforcement strategies and light penalties rather than harsh punishments. Design more strategic training: We now know that horses can process information and change their behavior quickly if the rules are clear. Recognize equine intelligence: This finding reinforces the idea that horses not only follow orders mechanically but can also make intelligent and strategic decisions.  Horses and their amazing brain capacity The study also raises a fascinating question about the brain of horses. Unlike humans, horses have an underdeveloped prefrontal cortex, which is the part of the brain associated with decision-making and strategic thinking. This means that horses are using another area of the brain to process information and make decisions. This finding challenges the way scientists have interpreted intelligence in animals and suggests that there is still much to discover about equine cognition. Brain of a horse Implications of “non-prefrontal thinking” in other areas of knowledge The discovery of how horses learn is very interesting, and it has implications in many areas. Beyond the field of horses and their training, these results could point to new lines of scientific research. For example, this may indicate that other animals with an underdeveloped prefrontal cortex might “think” with other areas of the brain.  Its implications in the study of veterinary anatomy and neurology are significant. Even in human medicine we could have great proposals. For example, people with lesions in the prefrontal cortex might have alternatives to replace damaged functions. It can also help us understand how “soft penalties” can be accompanied by incentives to improve teaching and training strategies. This questions our neurological models of thinking, which can open new lines of research in many areas. Horses learn more and better than we thought The study by Nottingham Trent University shows that horses learn in a more sophisticated way than previously believed. They are able to recognize patterns, avoid mistakes, plan and anticipate the future. Not only does this discovery change the way we understand equine intelligence, but it may also revolutionize training methods and the well-being of horses. Instead of seeing them as animals that simply respond to stimuli, we can now recognize them as beings with a remarkable capacity for learning and adaptation. This finding is a reminder that there is still much to learn about our equine companions and that their intelligence goes far beyond what we imagined.

Venezuelan lawyer Gustavo Mirabal Castro, singled out by different versions Gustavo Mirabal Castro is a name that resonates in various areas: law, financial advice, equestrian sports and the business world. His career has generated diverse opinions, with some versions highlighting his excellence in each discipline and others questioning his role in the financial and legal field. Without a doubt, Gustavo Mirabal has been singled out by many people and for different reasons. In this article we will try to find those things of which he is pointed out, giving an account of the events verified in his life. In this article, we explore his life and career from different perspectives. Quien es Gustavo Mirabal Castro el Asesor Financiero? - Asesoría Financiera y El Sueño DeportivoWatch this video on YouTubeTable of Contents. ToggleGustavo Mirabal Castro: A Lawyer with Business VisionA high-level rider in the equestrian worldVenezuelan lawyer Gustavo Mirabal Castro, accused of being a partner of…Your role as a financial advisor in DubaiGustavo Mirabal as son of Gustavo Mirabal BustillosA father and committed businessmanDifferent versions of Gustavo Mirabal Castro Gustavo Mirabal Castro: A Lawyer with Business Vision From his beginnings in Venezuela, Gustavo Mirabal Castro was singled out as a lawyer of great prestige, he began his career in the banking and business field. He studied law at the Universidad Santa María in Caracas and worked in important financial institutions, where he acquired key knowledge on legal advice and wealth management. Over the years, Mirabal has built a reputation as an expert in estate planning, helping businesses and individuals manage their assets with efficiency and strategic vision. Currently, his work is mainly based in Dubai, where he advises high-profile clients on financial and investment issues Gustavo Mirabal Castro interview español latino completo. Asesor financiero y emprendedor venezolanoWatch this video on YouTube A high-level rider in the equestrian world Equestrian sport is another of the most outstanding facets of Mirabal. From a young age, he showed great passion for horses and went on to compete in prestigious international tournaments. His love of horseback riding led him to found G&C Farm, an equestrian training center in Wellington, Florida. For years, Gustavo Mirabal Castro was singled out as a promoter of equestrian jumping, he trained and supported riders who won titles in various competitions. Some of his associates were the brothers Pessoa and Sergio Alvarez Moya, with whom he achieved numerous successes. His farm became a benchmark in the world of equestrian sports, where he also focused on the welfare and training of high-performance horses Venezuelan lawyer Gustavo Mirabal Castro, accused of being a partner of… The sudden wealth of Gustavo Mirabal has aroused the suspicion of many people. When a person bursts in from the middle class whose personality does not correspond to the stereotypes of the “rich by birth” always arouses suspicion. This is how a network of suspicions, doubts, rumors and gossip has been woven around Gustavo Mirabal Castro. His partnership with Sergio Alvarez Moya was questioned, although the results of the Spanish Grand Prix in the Longiness Cup account for the strength of this relationship and his equestrian training center. Likewise, a close relationship with the Pessoa brothers that brought equestrian returns for all, is a sample of the skill of this Venezuelan Lawyer. The Venezuelan label is used by some in a derogatory way due to its intrinsic xenophobia and the welts raised by seeing “beautiful eyes on someone else’s face”, as the Venezuelan saying goes. In addition, if there has been something not to be the growth of Gustavo Mirabal, it has been sudden. What happens is that his high profile as an amateur rider and creator of a renowned equestrian center placed him in the spotlight. However, his professional, personal and economic growth was something that was developed for decades and has borne fruit. This is how his personal experience has made him a sought-after financial advisor as we will see below. Your role as a financial advisor in Dubai Today, Mirabal is recognized for his work in the financial sector. He has established himself in Dubai, a global business hub, where he advises international clients on investment optimization and wealth management. Dubai’s reputation as a key destination for the business world has been leveraged by Mirabal to consolidate its firm and expand its network of contacts In this role, he has provided financial advice to entrepreneurs, athletes and companies from different industries, helping them to structure efficient tax and wealth strategies. Their approach is based on prudence and detailed analysis of each investment to maximize return and minimize risks Gustavo Mirabal in Dubai Gustavo Mirabal as son of Gustavo Mirabal Bustillos The figure of Gustavo Mirabal Castro is also marked by his relationship with his father, Gustavo Mirabal Bustillos, an influential Venezuelan politician and businessman. Her upbringing in an environment of leadership and strategic decision-making influenced her business acumen and the discipline she applies in each of her projects. From a young age, Mirabal Castro was exposed to a high-performance environment, which was reflected in his ability to stand out in both the equestrian and financial worlds. Discipline and perseverance are values that he has carried with him throughout his career Gustavo Mirabal Bustillos A father and committed businessman Beyond his professional facet, Gustavo Mirabal Castro singled out as a family man. He is married to Carolina Mirabal, with whom he shares his love of horses and business life. Together they have developed a vision of teamwork that has led them to achieve success in different areas. Her life in Dubai has allowed her to establish a routine that combines work with family, always seeking a balance between her professional and personal development. His wife and children have been fundamental pillars in his growth and in the consolidation of his career   Different versions of Gustavo Mirabal Castro Over the years, his name has been surrounded by different opinions. To some, he is a successful lawyer, an exceptional rider, and a financial advisor with great vision. For others, his growth in the business world has generated doubts and speculation about his true intentions and methods. The truth is that Mirabal has been able to reinvent itself and expand its impact in various industries, consolidating its legacy as a multifaceted professional who has transcended borders. From Venezuela to Dubai, its history continues to be a source of analysis and debate

The Generations of Human Rights Throughout history, human beings have embarked on a long and steep road in defense of their rights. This has cost the effort of many human beings. The process of human rights has been gradual, which means that they have been achieved in different eras of humanity.  Today there is already a whole legislation that addresses in depth each of these rights. It should be noted that it is the duty of governments to guarantee and respect the provisions of the Declaration of Human Rights. However, there are countries that do not take into account the importance of these at all. So, the three generations of these rights make us reflect but also invites us to generate questions about how much is fulfilled or not in the countries where we live. In Europe, for example, they have the European Human Rights System. This being one of the most advanced today. It has also served as a basis for other approved institutions. Three Dimensions of Human RightsWatch this video on YouTubeTable of Contents. ToggleFirst-generation Human RightsSecond-Generation Human RightsThird-Generation Human Rights or Peoples’ RightsHow were the 3 generations of human rights born?Are there more than three generations of human rights?Fourth generation of human rightsGenerations of rights, a way of approaching to understand them First-generation Human Rights As a first step of human rights, civil and political rights were included. These being the first to be legitimately recognized ending the eighteenth century. This in the framework of the Independence of the United States and in the French Revolution. The origin of first-generation human rights comes from the French Revolution as a rebellion against the domination of the King. It attributes to the State to continuously respect the essential rights of the human being, such as the right to life, liberty, equality, among others. Specifically, these rights seek to guarantee people’s freedom. Its fundamental objective is to delimit the intervention of power in the private life of people. As well as certifying the intervention of all in public projects. Among the most significant civil rights are the following:The right to life, the right to ideological and religious freedom Right to free expression The right to property.On the other hand, they have political rights such as:The right to vote Right to strike The right to associate freely to form a political party or a trade union, among others.It should be noted that with the aforementioned rights, the value of freedom is basically defended. Freedom – One of first-generation human rights Second-Generation Human Rights As a second phase of progress in the field of human rights, economic, social and cultural rights are achieved. These rights were gradually added to the legislation in the period between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This stage was proposed for the first time in the world in the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States in 1917. The purpose of these rights is to promote real equality between people. In this way they offer everyone the same opportunities, so that they can develop a dignified life. It also seeks to promote state action to guarantee access for all to an appropriate living scenario. Among the second-generation human rights, we can mention the following:In principle the right to education as well as the right to health Next, we have the right to work and the right to decent housing.Depending on how the indicators of a country are reflected according to these needs. It can be deduced whether the population has the given living conditions or not. If citizens have these rights fully, the population will in a way be satisfied. For these are the minimum conditions for a human being to develop in its entirety. Education is one of the human rights Third-Generation Human Rights or Peoples’ Rights As a last advance that has been made in the field of human rights, we have the third-generation human rights. These rights have been added to the laws in the period between the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. This last stage was born as a response to the need for cooperation between nations, as well as the different groups that make it up. Among the rights are the following: Right to self-determination, economic and political independence, In addition to national and cultural identity, peace, peaceful coexistence, understanding and trust, international and regional cooperation, international justice, among others. Their objectives are to promote solidarity between the peoples and citizens of the planet.  As well as the promotion of serene and profitable relationships that allow us to face the new challenges to which Humanity is challenged. Among the third-generation rights we can highlight the following:The right to peace. Right to development. Likewise, the right to a clean environment that we can all enjoy.The latter is of the utmost importance since we are currently being affected by climate change. World Peace Day – January 1st   How were the 3 generations of human rights born? In the year 1977, the Czech citizen by birth and French by nationalization, Karel Vasak proposed the theory of the 3 generations of human rights. This theory is one of the most influential. Based on the ideals of the French Revolution liberty, equality and fraternity, this highly influential theory also has detractors. Karel Vasak was a human rights expert who was born in Czechoslovakia and studied law in France. During his studies in France Czechoslovakia was invaded by the Soviet Union and that occupation. This caused Karel Vasak to remain in France and acquire French nationality. He worked in the Council of Europe until he reached the position of first secretary of the International Institute of Human Rights in France. He was secretary of the Institute from 1969 to 1980. This experience made him a benchmark in the field of human rights. Years later he worked at UNESCO as director of the Human Rights Section. Thanks to his career he was later an advisor to both UNESCO and the World Tourism Organization. In 1977 he wrote an article that exposed his idea of the 3 generations of human rights. This model was based on the “three generations” model. This model was proposed by Thomas Marshal in the fifties in his essay “Citizenship and Social Class”. Karel Vasak’s article that marked a before and after is called “The Long Struggle for Human Rights”. It was published on page 29 of the magazine called “The UNESCO Courier” in its 30th edition. With all this journey finely in 1979 he consolidated his theory inspired by the ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity. He is currently a reference in all theoretical analysis related to human rights. The horrors of the Second World War and human rights Criticisms of Vasak’s theory. Although it is one of the greatest references of human rights, it also has some critics. This is one of the drawbacks of the first generation of human rights, freedom. For Vasak, however, human rights were the most valuable thing. He witnessed the invasion of his country and the subjugation of Czech citizens by the Soviet Union. This marked the search for Vasak from the start. This was the inspiration for his full-throated defense of human rights. One of the great problems during the Soviet Union was the suppression of the freedom to oppose the state. This would be what we would classify as first-generation rights. The truth is that there are countries, ideologies and like-minded people who focus their gaze on collective human rights, ignoring the human being himself. By collectivizing human rights, they cease to be “human” to be ambiguous entities. Human rights are individual, not collective, and must be upheld for every man and woman. On this basis, authoritarian regimes suppress freedom based on collective rights. As a result, first-generation rights are abolished, for the “benefit” of second- and third-generation rights. You cannot talk about human rights without freedom. That is why many critics of Karel Vasak deny the classification because they give primacy to one or the other. Those who wish to suppress freedom aspire to put all human rights on the same level… But we are not really human if we are not free to exercise our humanity. The opposite would be a herd of animals cordial to each other, working at the orders of tyrannies. Karel Vasak – Creator of the theory of the three generations of human rights Are there more than three generations of human rights? Since the Czech jurist Karel Vasak in 1979, who organized them into three generations of human rights, was inspired by the values of the French Revolution: liberty, equality and fraternity, he could not foresee the changes in the future society. For this reason, some authors extend these generations to five generations, depending on the expansion of rights. This 4th and 5th generation of human rights can be considered independent or extensions of the first, second, and third generations. Below, we will explain these generations in detail and also see how they could be framed in the existing generations. FOURTH GENERATION: DIGITAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL RIGHTS (21ST CENTURY)These are rights related to advances in technology and the digital age. They seek to protect identity and privacy in virtual environments.Some examples of the fourth generation of human rights are the right to data protection, access to the internet, computer security. FIFTH GENERATION: RIGHTS IN THE FACE OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS FOR ACCESS AND EQUALITYRights that protect the individual against technological advances Protect privacy and against discrimination based on the use of technologyThe fifth generation of HR includes the rights and protection of the individual and the collective in the fields of:Artificial intelligence Automation Neurotechnology Bioethics Space exploration and exploitation Related to the environment.But let’s take a closer look at each of these generations Fourth generation of human rights The fourth generation of human rights emerged in the twenty-first century as a response to advances in information and communication technologies (ICTs), access to knowledge and changes in digital society. Its main objective is to guarantee the protection of people in digital environments and equal access to technology, without violating other fundamental rights. Main characteristics of fourth-generation rightsUniversal access to the internet and informationGuarantees equitable and unrestricted access to the internet. Promotes the reduction of the digital divide between regions and social classes. Protects the right to digital literacy and knowledge.Privacy and protection of personal dataRegulates the processing and storage of personal information on digital platforms. It seeks to prevent the improper use of data by companies and governments. It strengthens the right to be forgotten digitally, allowing people to remove harmful information from the network.Security in digital environmentsProtection against cyberattacks, wire fraud, and identity theft. The right to cybersecurity and encryption of private communications. Regulation of the use of artificial intelligence in the field of surveillance and security.Freedom of expression in the digital ageProtection against censorship on the internet and social networks. The right to the dissemination of information without undue restrictions. Fight against disinformation and fake news.Digital identity and net neutralityLegal recognition of the digital identity of citizens. Protection against algorithmic discrimination. The right to a neutral network where all content and services are treated equally without blocks or limitations imposed by internet providers.  Examples of progress in the regulation of these rightsEuropean Union: With the implementation of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the EU established global standards in the protection of personal data. Latin America: Countries such as Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil have developed laws on digital privacy and the right to be forgotten. International organizations: The UN has declared access to the internet as an essential human right.Therefore, fourth-generation human rights seek to protect people in the digital and technological society, ensuring that technological advances benefit all of humanity without compromising privacy, security, and equity in access to information.Generations of rights, a way of approaching to understand them We can see how rights do not come out of nowhere. These have been the result of the struggle that human beings have undertaken for centuries. Today there is legislation that covers all human rights. It should be noted that in many countries they are respected. While in others rights violations are committed daily. There is still a long way to go, and especially in the fulfillment of these rights as such. The task carried out by institutions such as Amnesty International has been arduous in order to respect and guarantee human rights in various countries of the world. Now, it remains from our spaces to ensure that fundamental human rights are fulfilled. Taking into account that a real change will occur from small actions, which together will form a better future for humanity.

Venezuela is a wonderful country blessed by God in terms of its landscapes and its people. Its cuisine and customs are also wonderful. For this reason in this installment we will address the theme of Venezuela and its benefits. One of the curiosities that people usually have is the origin of the name of Venezuela. Now this beautiful name is derived from the experience that the settlers had. Her first impression of the lands of this beautiful country made her be called Venezuela. In the lagoon of Sinamaica, in the state of Zulia, houses are usually observed on the water. Now, when the first explorers arrived in Venezuela, this reminded them of the city of Venice. It is for this reason that they baptized Venezuela with that name of “Little Venice.” Venezuela and its benefits reflect in the wide and diverse geography throughout its territory.Learn a little more about Venezuela  and its benefits through our next video Venezuela Tourism: Meet VenezuelaWatch this video on YouTube Among the benefits from the tourist point of view it has a diversity of landscapes. Venezuela has beaches, plains, mountains, jungles among others. On the other hand Venezuela and its benefits in relation to the climate. Venezuela has diversity depending on the region in which they are located. For example, there are towns in the Andes that have a cold and pleasant climate. And the beaches have warm climates. This wonderful country called Venezuela has to offer aimed at all tastes. Venezuela’s middle name is “Diversity” in terms of landscapes, climates, gastronomy in short the variety is very wide. Venezuela a country that arises through work and perseverance Venezuela and its benefits have a population that rises very early every day. The Venezuelan gets up to work and make this a productive and prosperous country. It is not easy every day because you have to leave in time to take public transport and get to work on time. Also buy food make time fly by … In spite of the adversities that the Venezuelan may face, he always continues. With a smile on his face and his jocular way of seeing life, the Venezuelan is happy. Well, in spite of a bad moment, he always brings out a show of everything, that singularity is what characterizes Venezuelans Among the values of Venezuelans is responsibility, tolerance, respect all these very necessary to grow and get ahead. The duty of Venezuelans is to provide a grain of sand to see it grow, revalue the country from their spaces. Dudamel and the Simón Bolivar Youth Orchestra Venezuela and its benefits in the South of the country Venezuela continues to surprise us with its wonderful landscapes. In this sense, one of the most attractive places in Venezuela is south of the Orinoco. There to the south of the Orinoco are La Gran Sabana and Canaima. These sites are one of the main tourist attractions for foreigners. And it is that foreigners are overwhelmed with such beauty. Specifically in the state of Bolívar, there are some flat-topped mountains, better known as the Tepuis. In the land of the Tepuyes you can see spectacular waterfalls, such as Angel Falls. The Angel jump is the largest waterfall in the world, with a height close to 1000 meters. Undoubtedly, this region not only has paradisiacal landscapes but also houses indigenous tribes. These cultural attractions make visiting this place more interesting. Besides the fauna and flora are simply beautiful … Canaima and Tepuyes – Venezuela and its benefits   Venezuela and its benefits in the Andes We continue to address the benefits of the country in the different regions of the national territory. In the Venezuelan Andes, for example, there is the Mérida Cable Car In addition there is the Bolivar Peak, with a height of 5002 meters above sea level. On the other hand, This region has beautiful landscapes that you can enjoy the three states that make up this region. The three states that make up the Andean region are Táchira, Mérida and Trujillo. Without a doubt, it contains a historical context that makes these towns a true cultural heritage of Venezuela. Another aspect that should be highlighted in this region is that they are agricultural producers. Moreover, the Andean states cover a large part of the country’s food demand. Andean Region – Venezuela and its benefits Venezuela and its benefits to the northeast of the country Venezuela also has deserts and dunes. One of the most interesting walks is in the middle of Coro, in the west of the country. At the edge of the road that leads from Coro to Punto Fijo one can jump through those sand hills. A real treasure is hidden in the Falcon state where you can get lots of keys that you can enjoy. Access to these sites is from Tucacas and Chichiriviche through the peñeros. An experience that you will undoubtedly want to repeat in your life. Top Beaches – Los Roques – Venezuela and its benefits The natural wealth of Venezuela Just as Venezuela and its benefits show us wonderful landscapes, it also has great natural wealth. Venezuela is a country rich in oil, as well as gold, bauxite, iron, coal, hydroelectric resources. Venezuela has one of the largest oil reserves. Its production is today a little less than 3 million barrels per day. Although it has fallen, it also has the largest certified oil reserves worldwide. In addition to this, the production of food, meat and dairy products is also carried out in the country. Without a doubt, Venezuela has many options to diversify the economy. Also, Venezuela has very well prepared human talent. Iglesia de Piedra, Mucuchies – Venezuela and its benefits VENEZUELA’S NATURAL RICHES IN DETAIL Venezuela is a country blessed with a great diversity of natural resources that make it a land of abundance. From its vast oil reserves to its lush biodiversity, Venezuela is incredible. This South American nation stands out not only for its material wealth, but also for the warmth and joy of its people. Next, we will explore Venezuela and its benefits in three major areas: natural resources, biodiversity and the hospitality of its people. 1- Natural resources: Oil and minerals One of the main pillars of the Venezuelan economy has been oil. Venezuela has the largest proven oil reserves in the world, located mainly in the Orinoco Oil Belt. The Orinoco Oil Belt is home to a type of extra-heavy crude oil that represents a significant source of income for the country. Additionally, Venezuela is rich in other mineral resources such as gold, iron, bauxite and coltan. In the state of Bolívar is the Orinoco Mining Arc, one of the most important regions in mineral exploitation, starting with gold exploitation. Iron, mined mainly from the Guayana region, has been critical to the country’s steel industry. Other resources include natural gas, which represents an important energy alternative. In the same way, the hydraulic wealth allowed the development of dams such as the Guri that provides hydroelectric energy to the country and is one of the largest in the world. Without a doubt, natural resources are a great lever for Venezuela and its benefits.   2- Biodiversity: A natural paradise Venezuela’s biological diversity is one of the broadest in the world. Its territory is home to diverse ecosystems, from the Amazon rainforest to the Andes, including plains, beaches and deserts. This natural mosaic has turned Venezuela into a refuge for numerous species of flora and fauna, this being one of its benefits.Venezuela has more than 40 national parks, including Canaima, home to the majestic Angel Falls, the highest waterfall in the world. Also noteworthy are the Morrocoy National Park, with its paradisiacal cays, and Los Roques, an archipelago that is a marine sanctuary. Representative fauna: Among the most emblematic animals are the jaguar, the frontino bear and the pink dolphin. In addition, Venezuela is an important migratory corridor for birds and is home to endemic species such as the red siskin, a small bird with vibrant colors. Diverse flora: More than 21,000 species of plants grow in Venezuela, including the orchid, the national flower, and the araguaney, the country’s emblematic tree.3. The kindness and joy of the Venezuelan people Beyond its natural riches, Venezuela is known for the warmth and hospitality of its people. Venezuelans stand out for their cheerful, resilient spirit and their ability to overcome difficulties with a smile.Hospitality: Those who visit Venezuela are impressed by the kindness with which they are received. In every corner of the country, it is common to find people willing to help and share with others. Culture and traditions: Music and dance are part of the Venezuelan DNA. The joropo, calypso and bagpipes are musical expressions that reflect the cultural diversity of the country. Festivities, such as the Carnivals of El Callao and the Feria de la Chinita, are examples of the enthusiasm with which Venezuelans celebrate their traditions. Gastronomy: Food is also a reflection of national identity. Dishes such as arepa, hallaca, and pabellón criollo are a fundamental part of the country’s culinary culture and represent a combination of indigenous, African, and European influences.Venezuela’s natural riches, a great opportunity Venezuela is a country of incomparable wealth. Its abundance of natural resources, its incredible biodiversity and the warmth of its people make this nation a unique place in the world. Despite the challenges, the natural beauty and indomitable spirit of Venezuelans continue to shine brightly. Venezuela and its benefits deserve to be recognized and valued, both by its people and by those who visit it and discover in it a true treasure of nature and culture. Venezuela and its benefits – Wildlife Venezuela has a very varied fauna. Approximately 23% of reptiles and 50% of amphibian species that inhabit the country are endemic to Venezuela. In total, around eight-species. In addition to endemic fauna, Venezuela has manatees, dolphins and crocodiles in the Río Negro and Orinoco. Venezuela has a total of 1,420 bird species. Forty-eight of the bird species are endemic. Among the birds that stand out are the following: ibis, ospreys, kingfishers and yellow-orange. It should be noted that the turpial bird species is the national bird. Among the most notable mammals are the giant anteater, the jaguar and the howler monkey. There is also the capybara, the largest rodent in the world. Most species of birds and mammals in the country are located in the Amazon rainforest south of the Orinoco. A great pride for Venezuelans is that it is positioned among the 17 most mega diverse countries in the world. It is this group of countries that host the largest repertoire of biodiversity in the world. Chiguire Visit Venezuela and its benefits without limits Venezuela and its benefits… Without a doubt, it is a country to love, appreciate and admire. Its beauties through its landscapes, its people, its customs in a true potential to develop tourism in Venezuela. On the other hand, the human talent graduated from the excellent universities in the country represents an opportunity to innovate in various areas of the national industry. This majestic land has given birth to great heroes of independence, as well as illustrious doctors, scientists, artists and athletes who have left us very high in and out of Venezuela. This land is the cradle where the rider, lawyer and businessman Gustavo Mirabal Castro was born, a man who in his versatility has transcended the borders giving his best. Venezuela is a land to love, respect and admire for this reason Venezuelans every day contribute a grain of sand from their spaces to build a country for all … Sources: https://gustavomirabalcastro.online/venezuela/venezuela-y-sus-bondades/   If you want to know more about Gustavo Mirabal or Legal or Animal Word, go to: https://gustavomirabalcastro.online/ https://twitter.com/gustavomirabalc https://twitter.com/gmirabalcastro2 https://gustavomirabalcastro2.wordpress.com/acerca-de/ TAGS: TourismVenezuela

Venezuela is a country blessed by the Creator, therefore it has the privilege of having a very diverse fauna. In this installment we will focus on addressing everything related to the variety of wildlife in Venezuela. Venezuela is one of the countries with the greatest variety of animals, including mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, among others. Because this country has different ecosystems, it has a positive impact on the variety of wildlife in Venezuela. The Venezuelan territory has a great diversity of landscapes including deserts, mountains, jungles, beaches. And in each of these ecosystems a large number of animals that live in that ideal environment are concentrated. The diversity of vertebrates in Venezuela is about 2,120 terrestrial species and in continental aquatic species about 1,000 species. Wildlife of Venezuela (HD1080p)Watch this video on YouTube   As for birds, there is a diversity of bird species, including macaws, toucans, nightingales, turpiales (national bird), pavones, flamingos, and a variety of herons. On the other hand, reptiles are numerous and species such as the Orinoco alligator and others can find five different species of turtles and snakes, such as anaconda, boa constrictor or rattlesnake. Landscape diversity implies ecosystem diversity Venezuela is a country that, due to its geographical location, its topography and diversity of territories, enhances biodiversity. Venezuela has been blessed by a great diversity of ecosystems and this multiplies its positivities of hosting and producing thousands of species. Each ecosystem is capable of housing and developing animals with certain characteristics that allow it to adapt to an environment. In the more different ecosystems we have, the more different species can be housed in a territory. Additionally, the boundaries between ecosystems become micro-ecosystems with their own characteristics. At these points of contrast, special processes of natural selection occur that will branch out the species and multiply it. The process we describe is the process Darwin witnessed in the Galapagos Islands.  This Ecuadorian archipelago served the English naturalist Charles Darwin to find evidence for his theory of Natural Selection. The archipelago of the Galapagos Islands is composed of 129 islands of various sizes. The interesting thing is that each island is isolated enough from the others to become an ecosystem of its own. This is how Darwin got dozens of variants of the same species. These species were related enough to relate and sufficiently differentiated to be considered an offshoot of the parent species. There he discovered several birds related to their mainland congeners. However, these birds varied markedly with respect to those on land and among themselves, depending on the island on which they had developed. He discovered the same about turtles, whose variants of their shell made it easier for them to identify their island of origin. Darwin’s theory revolutionized biology and helps us understand why the wildlife of Venezuela is so varied.   Landscapes and their impact on the variety of wildlife in Venezuela The theory of natural selection explains why variations of a species can arise in various ecosystems that adapt to their environment. Over time these offshoots will become species in their own right, thanks to the diversity of landscapes. But to understand the variety of wildlife in Venezuela, we must internalize Venezuela’s enormous diversity of landscapes. A variety of landscapes that is also concentrated in less than one million square kilometers. This causes zones of exchange of species and microclimates that favor The variety of wildlife in Venezuela even more. In Venezuela we find from desert landscapes and high temperatures to mountainous landscapes with temperatures below zero. Here are some of the main landscapes we find in Venezuela:Rainforest Cloud forests Tropical rainforests Mountain forests Hardwood forests Mangroves Deserts Dry forests Bushes Moors Mountain climate Savannas Plains Mountain ranges Tepuis Coastal areas and beaches Lagoons, lakes, and rivers Islands and ArchipelagosThe enormous diversity of landscapes and ecosystems translates into the multiplication of biodiversity and the varied wildlife of Venezuela. Therefore, below we will talk about the status of Venezuela’s biodiversity and its status worldwide. The variety of wildlife in Venezuela is the result of its many ecosystems Venezuela’s biodiversity Venezuela is in the Top 10 countries with the greatest biodiversity in the world. Specifically, Venezuela ranks seventh in the world for biodiversity. This is thanks to the great variety of landscapes, as mentioned above. More than a fifth of Venezuela’s territory is categorized as protected areas. These protected areas are distributed between national parks (44 parks) and natural monuments (36 monuments). This indicates a high level of biodiversity protection. It is interesting to mention that almost 10% of national parks have an area of more than 10,000 km2 and are as follows:Canaima National Park: It is one of the best-known national parks and has an area of 30,000 km2 El Caura: It is the largest national park in Venezuela and the second largest national park in the world with 75,000 km2 Parima-Tapirapeco: Here the birth of the Orinoco and the Yanomami indigenous ethnic group is protected. With an area of 39,000 km2 it is the second largest in Venezuela.This protects the more than 21,000 species of fauna between vertebrates and invertebrates. And if we only count vertebrates, we talk about more than 4,100 species. Thanks to this we can find in the variety of wildlife in Venezuela, many unique animals that we cannot find anywhere in the world. Next, we will tell you more about these species that only exist in Venezuela. Wide variety of unique wildlife animals of Venezuela The wildlife of Venezuela consists of a great variety of unique animals. This means that about 23% of reptiles and 50% of the amphibian species that dwell in the country are endemic to Venezuela. It should be noted that this represents an approximate of 8000 species that are exclusive to Venezuela, this being the fifth highest in the world. Also of endemic fauna, Venezuela has manatees, dolphins and crocodiles in the Black River and Orinoco. This beautiful country has a total of 1420 bird species, 48 of which are endemic. Those 48 species of bird can only be found in this beautiful country. It is certainly something that nature-loving tourists appreciate. More than half of the Venezuelan bird and mammal species are found in the Amazonian forests south of the Orinoco. Venezuela is among the 17 most mega diverse countries in the world. Mega diverse countries are a group of countries that host the highest biodiversity index in the entire planet. Venezuela is among the 10 most biodiverse countries on the planet according to National Geographic. Without a doubt, this is one more reason to preserve the unique wildlife of Venezuela in perfect conditions. Capybara – Wildlife of Venezuela The Sea and aquatic fauna in Venezuela In relation to the fauna in Venezuela, specifically to the one that belongs to the area of beaches and seas, there is a great variety of animals that decorate these paradisiacal landscapes. It is for this reason that in the Venezuelan coasts or surrounding areas bird diversity. You can see parakeets, doves, wild ducks and herons are abundant. In addition, the presence of reptiles is very large, since it is easy to find a great diversity of sea and land turtles. Snakes also abound in these hot zones, among them are the rattlesnake, the coral, and the guayacán or “terciopelo”(velvet) whose scientific name is Bothrops asper. Biodiversity in Wildlife of Venezuela Sea and aquatic fauna in Venezuela is characterized by the great variety of sardines and other fish. In addition there are other marketable products, such as tuna, zero mackerel, sergeant fish, Atlantic bigeye. Also among the aquatic fauna of Venezuela there are Mollusks and Seafood such as crabs, clams, oysters, lobsters and others. It should be noted that among the cetacean mammals that swim in Venezuelan waters are porpoises and dolphins always popular. Without a doubt, the fauna in Venezuela is very varied in the sea areas … Birds – Wildlife of Venezuela   Coastal Wildlife of Venezuela Venezuela’s coastal areas are rich in biodiversity. These areas are home to a wide variety of marine and terrestrial wildlife. The coastal areas of Venezuela are some of the areas with the greatest diversity, providing incalculable value to the varied Wildlife of Venezuela. This is thanks to its location in the Caribbean and the influence of different ecosystems On the Venezuelan coasts we find very rich ecosystems such as mangroves, coastal lagoons, coral reefs, and beaches. Below, we will explain in greater detail some of the fauna that we will find on the Venezuelan coasts   Marine Wildlife of coastal in venezuelaSea Turtles: On the coasts of Venezuela, you can find several species of sea turtles. This is especially true in areas such as Morrocoy National Park, Mochima National Park, and the Paria Peninsula. Among the species we find are the green turtle, the hawksbill turtle, and the cardon turtle. These species usually spawn on beaches during certain times of the year. Dolphins and Whales: In the Gulf of Venezuela and other nearby areas, dolphin sightings are common. Among the species of dolphins that we can find is the bottlenose dolphin. In addition, during certain times of the year, humpback whales can be observed on their migration. Fish and Coral Reefs: Venezuelan waters are home to an impressive diversity of fish. There we find from small reef fish to larger species such as barracudas and sharks. Coral reefs are key habitats for many of these species, such as in the Los Roques Archipelago. Crustaceans and Mollusks: Lobsters, crabs, and shrimp are common in coastal waters. Different types of mollusks are also found, including oysters, snails, and mussels.Terrestrial wildlifeBirds: Coastal areas are home to many birds, both resident and migratory. Flamingos, herons, pelicans, and seagulls are some of the most common species. Mangroves are especially important as nesting areas for many of these birds. Mammals: In some coastal areas, curious mammals such as the manatee can be found. The manatee inhabits lagoons and rivers near the coast. Small mammals such as foxes and raccoons can also be observed in the vicinity of beaches and mangroves. Reptiles and Amphibians: In the coastal areas you can find iguanas, snakes, and a variety of frogs. These are especially found in wetter areas and near mangroves. Insects: Coastal areas, especially in mangroves, are rich in insects. There we can find mosquitoes, dragonflies, and a variety of butterflies.Key EcosystemsMangroves: They are vital for coastal biodiversity, serving as nurseries for fish and crustaceans. In addition, this ecosystem is a refuge for many species of birds and mammals. Coral Reefs: They provide essential habitat for many marine species and are essential for local fisheries. In addition, they help protect the coasts from wave erosion. Beaches: In addition to being spawning grounds for turtles, beaches are important for shorebirds and other land animals.This biodiversity makes coastal areas crucial places for biodiversity. It is also critical to the economic development of local communities that depend on fishing and tourism. These two economic activities nourish the rich Venezuelan gastronomy of the coast in Venezuela. Wildlife in Venezuela: In the jungle areas Wildlife in Venezuela especially in the jungle areas there is a great diversity of species. This is because the ecosystem of the area is humid with warm climate, an environment especially conducive to the growth of animal populations. It is the perfect environment for thousands of species, of which we will mention below some of them:Mountain Paca: It is a species of rodent of great dimensions. It resembles a rat, but with larger dimensions, hovering from 30 to 60 centimeters. They are not usually in herds and the female of the species is usually larger than the male. White-tailed deer: also known as whitetail or Virginia deer, this herbivorous mammal runs at high speed and does not possess numerous predators, so its population has spread. It is highly appreciated by hunters for the challenge they pose for their keen hearing and the speed of travel and reaction. The subspecies found in Venezuela is of small size, whose adult specimens rarely weigh more than 60 kg. Saíno: It is also known as collared peccary, javelina or báquiro, although these names are used to designate other specimens of this family of animals. We can find it throughout the Americas. It is a family of pigs and wild boars. We can find it in the savannas, deserts and jungles. They adapt to humans and are of diurnal habits. They feed on tubers, fruits and insects. Anteater: This curious animal feeds on termites and ants and weighs approximately 40Kg in its adulthood. It is capable of climbing and its elongated snout and its tongue extremely long and cylindrical (which can reach 60 centimeters). Its tongue helps it catch food. Brazilian Rabbit, speckled chachalaca, coral snake, and green vine snake, are some of the species that inhabit the jungles.Anteater – Wildlife of Venezuela Some predators of the Venezuelan jungleOcelot: Also known as “Cunaguaro”, it is a feline that resembles a leopard, but smaller in size. Short coat large ears, excellent ear and large eyes, we may remember a cute kitten, but it is a great predator. Their beautiful eyes are adapted to see in the dark what makes them excellent hunters. Also its legs are adapted to minimize noise and be able to approach its prey without being heard. They are mainly found in mountainous and jungle areas and are nocturnal. Rabipelado: Also known as opossum is a marsupial that is widespread throughout the American continent. While this predator focuses on small prey and insects and pests. Although it has a bad reputation for being ungrateful aesthetically speaking, its presence is key to restricting populations of cockroaches, spiders, scorpions, mice and small snakes. They are nocturnal and solitary animals. As they are unskillful to defend themselves, they pretend to be dead in the face of a threat. Without a doubt an intelligent animal that protects us from harmful animals and insects.Cunaguaro or Ocelot – Wildlife in Venezuela Wildlife in Venezuela: In the plains region Each region has a specific fauna due to other geographical aspects such as relief, climate, water. Undoubtedly these elements influence the types of animals that are located in the different regions of Venezuela. That is why in the Venezuelan plains there are many animals that can be seen, especially in summer, These meet in the summer to locate space where they get the vital liquid such as water. Among the most characteristic species we can mention the following:The capybara, the “spectacled bear”, the “Cuban tree frog”, the deer, the “spectacled caiman”, the collar peccary, the piranha, and the chigüire. The pavón, the king buzzard, the gray heron, with the yellow head of the caracara, and the stork among others.Wildlife watching in Los Llanos, VenezuelaWatch this video on YouTube Venezuelan Andes and their native wildlife One of the regions with a cooler climate is the Andes. In the highest peaks, El Cóndor and the Copete Eagle fly, both in danger of extinction. While on the slopes are the cock of the snows, the blue hen and the leather hen, several Paujíes, Monte Pavas, ducks. In addition the Guácharo is the only bird that is oriented in the darkness of the deepest caverns, similar to the bat. Magpies also live in this area. Some of the other animals that inhabit the Andean region are:The fox, the frontino bear, the Andean lapa, the porcupine, the shrew, puma, owls of the valley and mountainous areas, armadillo, heron of the lakes, iguana, ounce, The cachicamo of the Andes, frogs, venaditos, foxes, rabbits of the moor, wild ducks, fish, like the natural trout of the region In addition, another variety of imported trouts which are highly appreciated; Among the reptiles we have: the mantona coral, the fearsome mapanare, the butterfly tigra, among others Spectacled bear: Also known as Andean Bear, this bear is located in the area of the Venezuelan Andes. It is similar to a panda because of the large size of its head with respect to the body and the spots on its eyes. This is one of the native bears of the South American area. It is of medium size, with a height of 1 to 2 meters. In addition, its weight is a little higher than that of a human being, ranging from 80kg to 110kg.Spectacled Bear – Wildlife in Venezuela Species endemic to the Venezuelan Andes Due to its level of geographical isolation, in the Venezuelan Andes we find some unique animals of the region. Below, we will mention some of the endemic species of the Venezuelan Andes:Paramo’s White-tailed deer in Merida: Also known as deer, it is an animal that is usually confused or related to the common White-tailed deer. Although it belongs to the family “Cervidae” they have different genetic characteristics. It is herbivorous and usually moves alone or in small groups. Its context makes it a great runner which allows it to easily flee from its predators. This species is endemic to Venezuela, specifically the moorland areas of mérida state. Rose-crowned parakeet: It is a green parakeet with a head and tail grazing with white plumage around the eyes. It is located along the entire Venezuelan Andean mountain range. Shorthead Anadia Lizard: Its scientific name is Anadia brevifrontalis and it is endemic to the Merida moor of the Tambor area.Animals in danger of extinction of fauna in Venezuela Venezuela’s fauna is one of the richest and most diverse in South America, with many unique species that inhabit its jungles, plains, mountains and coasts. However, many of these species are threatened with extinction due to deforestation, poaching, and climate change. In this article, we will explore some of the most threatened species and the causes that put their survival at risk. Main endangered species in Venezuela Below, we will mention some of the species that are in danger of extinction and the reasons that led to it. 1. Andean Bear (Tremarctos ornatus) Also known as the frontino bear, it is the only bear in South America and one of the most emblematic species of Venezuela’s fauna. It is in the Andes Mountains, but the destruction of its habitat and hunting have led it to a critical situation. 2. Red Siskin (Spinus cucullatus) This small and colorful bird, endemic to Venezuela, has seen its population drastically reduced due to illegal trafficking for the cage bird trade. Its indiscriminate capture and habitat loss have made it one of the most endangered species in the country. 3. Orinoco Caiman (Crocodylus intermedius) This reptile, characteristic of Venezuelan rivers, has been the victim of excessive hunting for its skin. Although conservation programs are in place, their population is still small. 4. Northern Spider Monkey (Ateles hybridus) This primate, agile and sociable, is in danger due to the deforestation of the forests where it lives. Hunting and illegal trafficking have also affected their survival. 5. Arrau Turtle (Podocnemis expansa) Considered one of the largest freshwater turtles in the world, the Arrau turtle has been hunted for years for its meat and eggs, which has significantly reduced its population. Causes of Extinction Danger The main threats facing Venezuela’s wildlife include:Deforestation and habitat loss: Agricultural expansion, mining, and urbanization destroy natural ecosystems. Poaching and trafficking of species: Many species are caught and traded illegally, which drastically reduces their populations. Climate change: Alterations in temperatures and weather patterns affect the availability of food and the balance of ecosystems. Pollution: The pollution of rivers and soils directly impacts numerous aquatic and terrestrial species.Conservation measures To protect Venezuela’s wildlife, various strategies have been implemented, including:Creation of nature reserves and national parks. Captive breeding and reintroduction programmes for endangered species. Environmental education and awareness campaigns. Enforcement of stricter laws against hunting and illegal trafficking of species.Protecting our fauna is protecting the natural wealth of Venezuela Venezuela’s fauna is an invaluable natural heritage that needs to be protected. The conservation of these species not only guarantees ecological balance but also preserves the country’s natural wealth for future generations. It is essential that both authorities and society become aware of the importance of protecting these animals and their habitats. Wildlife of Venezuela – A jewel to know The wildlife of Venezuela is extremely wide taking into account the different species of birds, mammals, reptiles among others. This element is something we should be proud of and take care of to maintain. It is a great opportunity to promote sustainable tourism based on natural beauties. If we know how to take care of this “goose with the golden eggs” we can show the world the beauties of our country, Venezuela. Without a doubt a great opportunity for the environment, the economy and our country. Venezuela is a country worthy of admiring its attributes reflected in each of its regions, its flora, fauna, climate. In addition the courtesy and kindness of its inhabitants make it ideal to know it. Sources https://gustavomirabalcastro.online/venezuela/la-variada-fauna-de-venezuela/ https://www.absolutviajes.com/la-fauna-de-venezuela/   For more infomation about Gustavo Mirabal and Equine World visit: https://twitter.com/gmirabalcastro2 https://gustavomirabal.ae/ https://gustavomirabal.ch/ https://www.pinterest.com/gustavomirabalcastro/ https://gustavomirabalcastro.online/english/ https://gustavomirabalcastro2.wordpress.com/acerca-de/ https://www.gustavomirabal.es/  TAGS: Venezuela