Legalidad de las apuestas en los Estados Unidos

Como sabemos en muchos países lo relacionado a las apuestas está totalmente prohibido. Mientras que en uno de los países potencia del mundo como lo es Estados Unidos cuentan con el aval jurídico correspondiente. De allí la gran importancia de abordar la Legalidad de las apuesta en los Estados Unidos.

Cabe resaltar que el tema de las apuestas es sumamente delicado si la persona que participa en estos juegos de azar no se controla. En consecuencia, puede resultar adicto y desbordase en su economía viéndose afectado gravemente. De allí que si alguien desea experimentar una diversión de este tipo debe mantener autocontrol de sí mismo para mantener el equilibrio.

Trayectoria de las apuestas en los Estados Unidos

• En el transcurso del año 1951 la ciudad de Las Vegas se quedó con la concesión exclusiva de las apuestas en los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica. Esta metrópoli dio sus primeros pasos en este ámbito luego de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Tomo como ventaja su ubicación geográfica que lo favorecía. cabe resaltar que estas actividades eran ilegales en ese momento. Por ende podían ser sancionados por las leyes de dicho país.
• Posteriormente para la década de los 70 se dio apertura al casino Unión Plaza dirigido por Bob Martin. Siendo este uno de los máximos referentes de la industria de los juegos de azar. Por otro lado este tenía un rol de suma importancia pues era quien determinaba el monto de las apuestas.
• Luego se unió el fabuloso Stardust, que fue todo un hito en la historia de los juegos de azar y de las apuestas en ala denominados ciudad del pecado. Allí estuvo presente el hotel y casino más grandioso de Las Vegas.

Nueva Jersey como impulsor de una legislación en materia de apuestas

Uno de los estados que encontraba urgido por unas leyes que regularan el tema de las apuestas fue Nueva Jersey. Esta decisión va en función de que allí para ese momento existían unos cuantos casinos, pero nada comparado con la magnitud de Las Vegas.

A partir del año 2012 esta lucha la emprendió  el demócrata Phil Murphy  por lo que paso por todos los niveles del sistema judicial del país. A tal punto que la elevaron al máximo en ente en materia de justicia para una decisión

Nueva Jersey como tal se ha caracterizado por ser activo en el ámbitos de los juegos de azar. Además ve como algo positivo la idea de legalizarlo pues los impuestos contribuyen a los fondos de ahorros del gobierno

Una referencia que tiene New Jersey en materia de juegos de azar y de apuestas en los Estados Unidos es que fue el prime en darle un marco legal al juego de poker en línea.

Año 2018 un hito en la legislación de los Estados Unidos

El año 2018 sin duda alguna dio un salto en sus leyes puesto que le dio legalidad a los juegos de azar y a las apuestas en el país. En cierta manera el gobierno ve como positivo este segmento dedicado a la distracción de millones de usuarios pues los dividendos que genera hacen que estos cancelen al estado grandes sumas de impuestos.

En cuanto la corte suprema de Justicia de los Estados Unidos aprobó la legalidad de las apuestas en los Estados Unidos. Por ende, la mayoría de los estados se activaron a crear leyes y normativas jurídicas dirigidas a este sector.

La opinión de los expertos de la compañía Telsey Advisory Group, afirman que las apuestas ilegales movilizan en el país grandes sumas de dinero. Por lo que se estima un aproximado de 400.000 millones de dólares.

Como tal siempre seguirá existiendo  un mercado negro. No obstante,  los distintos estados tienen la expectativa que gran parte de ese monto aparezca con el mercado reglamentado.

La gran gloria de Nueva Jersey y otros estados que razonaban que la anuencia de  las apuestas deportivas era una manera de promover el turismo y los impuestos. Este éxito lo logro el año pasado después de una lucha de muchos años.  Además,  no solo se benefició este territorio sino es resto de los estados que conforman el país.

Murphy expresa lo siguiente en relación a la decisión de la Corte Suprema de Justicia:

“Estoy encantado de ver que la Corte Suprema finalmente se alía con Nueva Jersey y anula la prohibición arbitraria de las apuestas deportivas impuesta por el Congreso hace décadas”

Legalidad de las apuestas en otros países

Hasta hace poco la Corte Suprema de Justicia de Estados Unidos dio luz verde a la legalización de las apuestas. Anteriormente  las apuestas podían eran ilegales y aun siendo ilegales existían zonas dentro del territorio que si estaban autorizadas.

Por otro lado en otros países tales como Singapur, Suecia y Canadá, la casa de apuestas legal es sólo posesión del estado. Por lo que esta rige lo relacionado al aval jurídico que estas tienen. Es curioso ver como estos países cuentan con sitios dedicados a los juegos del azar y las apuestas auspiciados por el mismo gobierno.

estas acciones probablemente las asumen de esta manera para asegurar la captación de los impuestos que van dirigidos a las arcas de dichos países.

En síntesis:

La decisión del sistema judicial en materia de apuestas y juegos de azar es la recompensa del esfuerzo y la determinación de Murphy por lograr su objetivo. Además de que son muchos los estados que se beneficiarán con tal decisión. En este sentido las apuestas son legales en todo el territorio o al menos en gran parte de este.

Sin embargo, para nadie es un secreto que todo lo relacionado con juegos de azar y apuestas se puede derivar en casos de adicción donde las personas afectadas suelen perder no solo los bienes materiales, sino su trabajo, familia, amigos… Por lo que si en algún momento deciden probar este tipo de diversiones deben tener claro las posibles consecuencias.

Fuentes Consultadas:

https://www.elindependiente.com/politica/2018/05/19/apuestas-legales-eeuu/

https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2018/05/15/las-apuestas-deportivas-podran-ser-legales-en-estados-unidos-segun-la-corte-suprema/

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corredor_de_apuestas

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Issue #1: Gustavo Mirabal in Dubai – United Arab Emirates

It is an ordinary day at the DIFC (Dubai International Financial Center). Hundreds of European, Asian and Russian companies converge in a privileged place for architecture, economy and laws. Well, at Dubai International Financial Center, the laws that underpin economic relations are different. For this reason and for all the things we will tell you, Gustavo Mirabal invests in the future in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

As a state within another state, the Dubai International Financial Center has its own laws. Laws that, by the way, result in the copy of the legislation of one of the pioneer countries in economic freedom, United Kingdom. Dubai, United Arab Emirates to achieve the objective set of being a regional-international financial center decided to “build from the grassroots.” This meant applying to its free zone legislation completely independent of the rest of the Arab Emirates. We will talk about this in more detail later.

That is why Gustavo Mirabal being an expert lawyer in finance and taxes decided to make the bet of his life. He understood that the “international finance building” that was “built” in Dubai had solid foundations and took the initiative. It’s been almost a month since Gustavo Mirabal opened his office in Dubai, United Arab Emirates and today we want to tell you his reasons.

The economy of Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

Dubai became famous for its large revenues via oil. But at present these are not the most important income. Dubai has become a regional hub for transport, logistics and finance. The implementation of laws copied from the United Kingdom provides the necessary legal certainty for the attraction of foreign investments. That is why Emirates Group emerged in Dubai to provide services of travel agencies, airlines, cargo handling and transportation, among others. Emirates Group was directed by Sir Maurice Flanagan.

With the leadership of this British businessman and the resources of the government of Dubai they turned Dubai into a regional connection point. Likewise, its expansion has led it to be a connection between the European and Asian continents. Emirates Group is an example of what good legislation and respect for investments can do for national development.

And the most important thing is that several of the offices of the companies that make up the Emirates Group are in the DIFC. Emirates as the flagship airline of the Emirates Group is in all the Top 10 of the best airlines of 2019. It is an example of how to transform a service-based economy.

Below we can see a video about the Emirates training center to give the best service.

Currently the oil industry represents 1% of Dubai GDP. On the other hand, aviation represents 30% of GDP. With this we can confirm the importance of the transformation of Dubai. Dubai is one of the growing regional leaders. Its economy is growing at a ratio of 2 to 3% of GDP. As we can see Gustavo Mirabal is clear that he has his future in Dubai.

More about the Dubai International Financial Center or DIFC.

Gustavo Mirabal Castro chose the Dubai International Financial Center to open his office because of its privileged legal framework. Its legal framework is of the first order worldwide for having copied “market leaders”. But also its legal framework is exclusive to this area of the Emirate. As we explained earlier, this gives him and his clients great advantages. Legal security and low taxes, a successful combination.

The Dubai International Financial Center is basically a financial district with its own legal system. The legal system of the DIFC is the same one used in the United Kingdom and the laws of the Arab Emirates do not apply. Even in cases whose own legislation copied from the United Kingdom contains certain legal loopholes, the direct use of UK legislation is authorized. All legislation is made public in English and is also compatible with the guidelines of the European Union.

This is a point that will be affected by Brexit and will have to be addressed in due course. In a previous article Gustavo Mirabal told us about some considerations to prepare for Brexit. Later we are likely to address the influence of Brexit in the legation of Dubai.

All these circumstances provide the investor with the legal certainty necessary to secure their investments. But if this were not enough, the DIFC sets a tax rate of 0%. Basically we are facing the “Duty free” of the international financial zones. All these measures were established to make Dubai become a financial center of reference. In this way Dubai every day depends less on oil, despite having immense oil reserves.

The opening of Gustavo Mirabal’s office in Dubai

On September 5, 2019, Gustavo Mirabal’s office in Dubai was inaugurated in an intimate event. The event integrated the team of new professionals and clients to get to know each other and enter into trust. A modern and sober office at the same time very consistent with the style of Dubai.

The Dubai office represents a commitment to the internationalization of Gustavo Mirabal. The office becomes a new company that will articulate strategic alliances around the world. This is how Mirabal And Associates emerges as a globalized integrating face for its international clients. Among these strategic alliances, it will coordinate with Mirabal & Asociados and with Lisal Enterprises Limited. This will allow to give the best advice at the local level with a global look.

Functions of the Gustavo Mirabal Castro Office in Dubai, United Arab Emirates

The modest 500 square meter office will allow you to focus on certain branches of law such as:

• Family Office for managing large family assets
• Capital management of people and companies
• Tax advice
• Investment Property
• Comprehensive capital management

Mirabal And Associates is an MFO (Multi-Family Office) established in one of the places with the greatest tax advantages, Dubai. The economic push of Dubai not only makes it an ideal place to be advised, but it is also ideal for establishing your investments. Basically it is the version of the Glocal in the legal field. For those who do not know the term, Glocal commonly refers to “think globally and act locally.” In this way you can establish which will be the best locations to establish companies, residence and capital management. Likewise it is clear the local context for relevant advice.

Why Dubai specifically?

One of the points that also made the location of the office in Dubai relevant is the ease of visa. The tax advantages of Dubai add to the ease of obtaining travel authorization papers. This allows privileged access to European, Asian and Russian financial and capital markets. In short, the points that made Gustavo Mirabal intuit the future in Dubai were:

• Being an air connection point between the Middle East, Europe and Asia makes it a relevant accessibility site.
• Likewise, legal certainty that represents a legal framework identical to that of the United Kingdom is key to investments.
• A group of lawyers with the best training, brought from the most advanced countries in economic management to fill positions in Dubai.
• An own arbitration center where disputes are resolved in accordance with international law
• Absolute tax advantages. Any company that sees its future in Dubai has 40 years insured with zero taxes
• Possibility of repatriating or displacing 100% of the capital generated in Dubai.

As we can see, Dubai was not an option, it was “the only option.” Its privileged location, legislation and tax advantages make Dubai a place to invest. Likewise, all this makes Mirabal And Associates your best alternative as an advisor because they have their eyes on the future.

Sources:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_International_Financial_Centre

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai

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Almost everyone has seen a film by Jhon Grisham without knowing it. And it is that his work has had great relevance over time. Grisham is to legal fiction literature what Stephen King to horror literature. Some will say that we exaggerate, until we show them the statistics about his work:

• Jhon Grisham has written at least 45 books between 1987 and 2019.
• Grisham has also written four short stories.
• 26 of his books are legal fiction for adults. There is also the saga “Theodore Boone” composed of 7 legal fiction books for teenagers
• He has seven non-legal fiction books.
• Three books that do not correspond to the fiction genre.
• Most of his books have been translated into many languages but some of his books are still waiting. We hope they don’t take long to be translated
• His books have sold more than 250 million copies around the world.
• Eleven of his books have been adapted to the cinema with great success.
• In addition, three of his books have been converted into series or miniseries.
• For 15 consecutive years (between 1991 and 2005) he had at least one book in the list of the 10 best-selling books in the US. From 2001 to 2003 he had 2 books in the top 10.

Some of the film adaptations of his books can be found in the list of the best legal-themed films. Some of these successful films are:

• The Firm (premiere in 1993)
• The Client (premier in 1994). This movie had a “sequel”.
• The Runaway Jury (premiere in 2003)

These movies were very successful. The movie “The Client” was so successful that a TV series was derived from it, which was broadcast from 1995 to 1996.

Jhon Grisham vs Stephen King

For all these reasons, we consider that Jhon Grisham is the Stephen King of legal fiction literature. The suspense that prints his work is one of his distinctive marks. We believe that for this and much more, Jhon Grishnam could become one of your favorite writers. Let’s get to know a little more about this outstanding writer. So you can discover more parallels between Jhon Grisham and Stephen King we leave this interview between these two giants.

Jhon Grisham’s life

His full name is Jhon Ray Grisham. Jhon Grisham’s father harvested cotton and in turn was employed in the construction sector. His mother, a housewife, encouraged Grisham to continue his studies and passions. Jhon Grisham parents had 5 children and Grisham was the second in the litter.

His passion for reading began from his childhood. In addition, this passion was promoted by his mother. One of his greatest influences in this regard was the writer Jhon Steinbeck. He earned a degree in accounting from the University of Mississippi.

One of the things that his vein as a writer portrays was that during his adolescence and youth he kept a newspaper. This was one of the determining elements that would help in his subsequent job as a writer.

Subsequently, Jhon Grisham obtained his PhD in law from the same university in Mississippi. From then on Jhon worked for several years in the field of criminal law. This experience exhausted him and he decided to change to civil law to obtain new airs.

Little by little he made himself known and this led him to run for political office. In 1983 he managed to win a position for the House of Representatives for his homeland. He held this position until 1990.

The cases he observed in court led him to start building ideas for his novels. In 1988 he published his first book Time to Kill.

John Grisham writer’s facet

Time to Kill went through several publishers before getting published. This first Grisham book was not a bestseller, at first. Only until other of his books triggered interest in the southern author did interest turn to his first work. This is how A Time to Kill after being modestly received was reprinted managing to become, this time, a Best Seller. This explosion of interest led to this book being adapted to the cinema and even adapted to the theater.

Other of his books that are Bestseller, which apart are among his best books, are:

• The Pelican Brief (1992): it is the best selling book by Jhon Grisham. One of the few books of the writer who has sold over 10 million copies.
• The Firm (1991).
• The Client (1993): One of the most selled books. Also had a successful movie adaptation.
• The Rainmaker (1995).
• The Runaway Jury (1996). It book had a successful movie.
• The Testament (1999).

Recently one of his most famous books “The Williamson Project” was brought to the miniseries format. This book, unlike most, is not a work of fiction. It is a real-life case about a man wrongfully sentenced to death.

Because of this and his activist vein he participates in “The Innocence Project”.

What is “The Innocence Project”?

It is a US organization that studies cases where it is intuited or proved that there was an unfair conviction. The organization has two objectives:

• Work from the judicial point of view to reverse unfair sentences to innocent people.
• Promote legal reforms that avoid unfair sentences, increasing judicial guarantees.

In this way, Jhon Grisham fights for a more secure and fair legal system. His judicial and political activism is highlighted.

In Guantanamo prison they banned John Grisham’s books because he made his prisoners understand their rights.

Three movies or books by John Grisham to enjoy

In order to satisfy the need of both readers and moviegoers, we will recommend 3 works by Jhon Grishan. In each recommendation we will make a brief synopsis of the recommended work. We hope you enjoy it.

1. Time to Kill: Framed in the 80s and in a more segregated society. This novel tells us the revenge a black father takes on two drunken young men who rape his 10-year-old daughter. This man murders the rapists and throws himself on the justice system and southern racism. A young lawyer tries to save the life of a man who took justice while avoiding losing his own life. Main actors: Matthew McConaughey, Sandra Bullock and Samuel L. Jackson
2. The Firm: A promising young lawyer leaves Hardvard directly to conquer the world. He is hired by one of the best and most respected firms. Your salary package includes house, car and access to the best clubs in the city. But this law firm is not what it seems. Among its doors is a secret that will be able to this young lawyer between a rock and a hard place. Loyalty to his principles or a life of luxuries … Perhaps even for his life He must decide. Leading actors: Tom Cruise, Ed Harris, Gene Hackman and Jeanne Tripplehorn.
3. The Pelican Brief: A prominent unsolved case. Two judges killed and no clue. A law student raises a crazy theory. He decides to write a university paper linking the murders to cases carried by both judges. He doesn’t know that his incredible theories will put the bulbs and bullets pointed at his head. Main actors: Julia Roberts, Denzel Washinton and Sam Shepard.

Jhon Grisham a man to study

Definitely from his facet as a lawyer, activist or writer Jhon Grisham is successful and integral. Jhon Grisham, a man that anyone can admire. His work is full of realism, ethical dilemmas and suspense. You will definitely like his books.
The recommended works, as we commented, can be obtained in written or cinematographic format. In this way everyone can choose the version that best suits them. Watch the movies or read their books and tell us what you think about them on our social networks. We hope you like them.

Sources:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Grisham

https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0106918/

https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0111924/

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As we know, in gustavomirabalcastro.online and in gustavomirabal.es we are changing. We want to keep our faithful followers attentive to our publications. Since last week we opened the “Legal News” section to advise you on your day to day. In this section we discuss the new electronic payment legislation, the changes in jurisprudence regarding real estate evictions among others. Today we will talk about one of the most relevant topics for today “Are you ready for Brexit?”

As you may have discovered in our magazine, Gustavo Mirabal Castro is a Venezuelan lawyer with many years of experience. From that experience we want to touch on current aspects that can benefit you both as an individual and your business.

This space called “Legal News” will become a weekly space. There we will play some themes of this changing world. We hope that our free and solidarity advice will be a guide in your permanent actions.

In our second installment we will deal with one of the legal issues that is in vogue. In “Legal News” we present this week’s theme. Are you ready for Brexit? In this edition we will give a series of tips for both companies and individuals. We must be ready for brexit, especially if this occurs without an agreement between the United Kingdom and the European Union.

Again we express our desire that our weekly publication is to your liking. Our mission is to prepare you for today’s changing world. Gustavo Mirabal Castro wants you to know your rights. If you are interested, you can contact him for additional legal advice through his Mirabal & Asociados law firm that he serves internationally.

Meet with us the legal news, rights and the constant changes of the legal framework. Without further ado let’s start.

What is the European Union?

The European Union is a political institution of international law that brings together 28 European states. This institution establishes common rights and duties for governments and incorporated citizens. Its purpose is to promote the integration and governance of European nations

In this way, a series of facilities and benefits are generated for its member states and its citizens. Later we will detail some of its benefits. The key is that this Union also generates one of the largest and most powerful markets on the planet.

Get ready for Brexit

The first thing we should know is what is Brexit? Brexit is the United Kingdom’s exit from all the agreements and institutions of the European Union.

These agreements and institutions are what allow the following rights or obligations:

• Free transit of European citizens between the countries of the European Union.
• Free transit of goods within the European Union
• Absence of tariffs for goods that transit through the European Union
• Absence of borders between the countries of the European Union
• Financing of the countries of the European Union to its institutions

Why Brexit is a core part of legal news? On October 31 the deadline of the last extension requested to specify the Brexit is met. There is currently no agreement between the European Union and the United Kingdom. Because of this there is no clear definition of the relations between the European Union and its former member.

What are the consequences of a Brexit without agreement?

A brexit in these conditions would provoke several uncomfortable situations such as those described below:

• Tensions on the border between Ireland and the United Kingdom. Already in the past the existence of a border there led to armed conflicts between what is known as Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland.
• Congestion at the UK border crossings of both people and goods. Increasing controls and tariff payments would increase times and costs of transporting the goods.
• Protests for the exit of Brexit either for or against, increasing social conflict.

In the video we provide below we can see more detail of the effects on the legal news of Brexit.

Why Brexit?

Some people in the United Kingdom believe that the country’s economy is burdened by imbalances in the European Union. This led to 2016 David Cameron, the prime minister for the moment, holding a referendum on the matter. The result was a vote supporting the exit of the Community Bloc and two years to leave.

The Brexit negotiations have not been satisfactory. This has put the possibility of a UK exit without agreement on the table. In the secret documents of the “Yellowhammer operation” the risks of an exit without agreement are revealed. This is a document from the UK government preparing for such a situation. It also exposes what have been the measures to mitigate the difficulties.

We ask ourselves, If the government is aware of the difficulties and is preparing for it, are you preparing?

That is why we present some points of interest. Before this we show you an interesting video about the relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union.

Is your company ready for brexit?

As for companies, the European economic community proposes a checklist. This list helps to verify if we are prepared for brexit and if it is not ready to get in tune.

• For some industries, certain positions of my company are required to be located in the European Union. If these charges are currently found in the United Kingdom you must ensure an office that locates them in the EU. These charges may be the person responsible, the importer, the registrant or the holder of the marketing authorization.
• Products that are now marked compliant by United Kingdom institutions are no longer endorsed by EU agreements. Now your marking should be done in accordance with the rules governing the marking for third countries that is more stringent.
• The payment of tariffs must be provided in my cost and budget structures. This is because the rules that will govern are those of the WTO.
• The use of data centers in the United Kingdom will be limited to those businesses in the European Union. That is due to the regulations on privacy and data transfer. They require having this data within the datacenters in the EU

About licenses and authorizations

• Licenses and Authorization: If your business depends on licenses you have to be attentive. In the case of licenses issued by the United Kingdom, the equivalent version of the EU must be taken out.
• Registered Trademarks: If your trademark was registered in the United Kingdom you will have to register it in the European Union as well.
• If your company’s health and environmental certificates were issued by an agency in the United Kingdom: You must carry out a procedure to transfer these certificates to European Union entities and be able to sell your products in the EU.
• Prohibitions and restrictions: If you trade with products whose marketing is restricted from third countries, you must make provisions. The options would be:
  • Limit my market to United Kingdom.
  • Move my operations to the European Union
  • Change business

So many other forecasts. We leave you with the checklist for companies before Brexit.

Get Ready for Brexit in the case of people

Some forecasts for people against the legal news of Brexit:

• If your work is in the United Kingdom and you are in the EU or vice versa you must prepare. Transportation will become more complex, which can lead you to think about moving your residence or changing jobs.
• For self-employed and employed persons who are laid off due to Brexit, economic protections from the European Globalization Adjustment Fund may be accessed.
• Prepare for change in companies that make life on both sides of the border.
• It can be prepared if it depends on medicines that are made on the other side of the border. Take steps to stock up during the Brexit adaptation process.

With these tips we want to help you adapt to Brexit. If you want us to deepen the topic write us or comment on the article. It is important to be prepared for Brexit not only if it is European but if your products are destined for the UK market. We hope there is an agreement for Brexit, but if not, it is better to be prepared

Sources:

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46064836

https://readyforbrexit.co.uk/

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A medida que el ser humano a “evolucionado” en los últimos siglos el proceso de desmejoramiento del planeta ha crecido de manera acelerada. Esto ha traído como consecuencia el lamentable panorama de especies desaparecidas, bosques talados, océanos contaminados y ni hablar de Ártico derritiéndose. Por ello esto ha conllevado que los países tomen medidas y creen leyes y políticas públicas orientadas a la protección del medio ambiente. En este artículo abordaremos las diversas aristas del derecho ambiental.

El derecho referido al ambiente debe tener dos modalidades la correctiva y la preventiva. En el primer caso se deben enfocar las acciones a reparar el daño causado a los ecosistemas. En segundo lugar es todo lo relacionado a la protección y conservación del medio ambiente en general.

Los denominados Derechos ambientales o de la naturaleza  consisten en una serie de reglas y normativas desde el punto de vista jurídico. Estas con la finalidad de reglamentar  las acciones  de las personas con el medio ambiente. En efecto busca la manera adecuada de  resguardar y proteger el ecosistema, es decir evitar los distintos tipos de contaminación. Además de  renovar si este se encuentra alterado. Un ejemplo de este último son las jornadas de limpieza que se llevan a cabo en las playas por parte de voluntarios.

Los objetivos del derecho ambiental son los siguientes:

• La lucha contra la contaminación del agua, aire, sónica entre otros.
• Preservación de la biodiversidad
• Protección de los recursos naturales renovables y no renovables
• Todos estos unidos tienen un fin en común que exista un hábitat humano sano.

Derecho ambiental como una rama del Derecho

El derecho enfocado a la conservación de la naturaleza es una de las vertientes del derecho más jóvenes comparadas con otras que tienen miles de años. No por ello le resta importancia, pues la necesidad urgente de los últimos tiempos hace un llamado a los gobernantes para que tomen medidas drásticas en pro del cuidado del ambiente.

El origen de esta rama del derecho surgió el siglo pasado. Sus primeros pasos como especialidad del Derecho, fue en la Conferencia de Naciones Unidas sobre el Medio Humano que se llevó a cabo en la ciudad de Estocolmo en el año 1972. Por otro lado tiene gran proyección ya que los desastres que han ocurrido en los últimos años aunados a la mala acción del hombre han empeorado la realidad del planeta tierra.

Unos de los desastres que marcaron de alguna manera un antes y un después en la historia contemporánea fue la contaminación de la bahía de Minamata,  el accidente de Chernobil, La explosión de Fukushima, derrames de petróleo entre otros.

El derecho ambiental tiene una singularidad especial. Pues esta área del saber involucra diversa profesiones. De allí que muchas veces es necesario un equipo multidisciplinario conformado por profesionales de la medicina, biólogos,  físicos, químicos, ingenieros. De allí que surjan avances en trabajos de investigación relacionados con estas temáticas.

La educación como herramienta para concienciar en relación al medio ambiente

Una de las funcionalidades que debería tener las políticas orientadas a la conservación y protección del medio ambiente es la educación ambiental en todos los niveles y modalidades de la educación en los países del mundo. Tomando en cuenta que la educación es el arma más poderosa para cambiar la humanidad.

En este sentido lo ideal es que sea creada como una materia de la malla curricular de la primaria, secundaria y de la universidad. Ya que indistintamente de la carrera que decidan elegir las personas el tema relacionado al ambiente nos compete a todos ya que todos somos habitante del mismo  planeta.

Otro elemento importante es el ejemplo del entorno familiar especialmente de los padres o de los adultos de la casa. Pues lo ideal es fomentar medidas donde se ponga en práctica las tres R reducir, reciclar  y reutilizar. A través del modelado de conductas positivas se va creando una nueva generación mucho más consciente del cuidado del planeta.

Además la sensibilidad hacia el respeto de los animales, las plantas, los ambientes como playas, ríos, cascadas, montañas. Cuando se visita uno de estos espacios lo ideal es el respeto a través del cuidado del manejo de los desechos. Dejar el sitio limpio y respetar el equilibrio de estos, como ejemplo si vas a una playa no sacar las estrellas de mar pues esta no sobreviven fuera del agua.

Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA)

El Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente tiene como fin abordar los temas ambientales a nivel regional y global.

En relación al cumplimiento de los objetivos de esta organización en materia de ambiente se tienen los siguientes:

• Ejercer como protector acreditado del medio ambiente mundial
• Brindar apoyo a los gobiernos en el establecimiento del programa ambiental mundial
• Promover la aplicación vinculado de la dimensión ambiental del desarrollo sostenible en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas.
• Originar el desarrollo y la aplicación del derecho ambiental internacional.

Uno de los máximos entes en materia de derecho ambiental auspiciado por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas ha realizado un estudio comparativo. Este  en función de las prácticas en materia de tendencias de la justicia ambiental.

El Derecho Ambiental desde la mirada preventiva

El Derecho Ambiental tiene una mirada desde la prevención. Cabe resaltar que también tiene una arista reparadora. De este modo se inclina al aporte para una mejor calidad de vida de los seres humanos. Hay quienes  se atreven a denominar el derecho ambiental como un derecho de tercera generación. Esto en virtud de que es uno de los más recientes en comparación de los demás derechos como lo son los civiles, políticos, económicos, sociales y culturales.

Por otro lado, surge de la necesidad que tiene el hombre de preservar el ambiente con el fin de la supervivencia. Además, se debe enfocar en una legislación en función al  uso equilibrado de los recursos tanto renovables como no renovables. En este último se debe prestar especial atención.

Recursos renovables: Estos tienen la capacidad de reproducirse o renovarse, por tanto, no se agotan.  Se debe prestar atención a los recursos renovables pues si la demanda de consumo es muy elevada no da tiempo a una reposición y tienden a agotarse

Recursos no renovables: se dispone de una cantidad finita de allí  que son dispuestos a ser agotados. En este caso es mucho más complejo un ejemplo de esto es la escasez de agua en diversos países. Por lo que trae consecuencias negativas en materia de salud pública.

En función de las problemáticas que surgen del mal uso de los recursos naturales se hace necesaria una ley  que regule el uso de estos. Todo esto con el fin de prevenir un escenario que sería irreversible.

En resumen

El tema relacionado con la legislación enfocada en el cuidado del medio ambiente es una de las ramas del derecho más urgentes en la actualidad. Aún queda mucho por hacer en este sentido, pero sin duda alguna hay acciones que el ciudadano común puede comenzar a hacer. Un ejemplo de esto es comenzar a utilizar menos plástico, a reciclar, reutilizar y reducir el consumo de materiales que son nocivos para el planeta.

Fuentes consultadas

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_ambiental

https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/es/thematic-areas/land-property-environment/environmental-law/

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